A branch of biology called bioenergetics studies how energy moves through living things. The transfer and conversion of energy is a current biological study topic. It is useful for understanding mitochondrial diseases and structural biology. The goal of the peer-reviewed, open-access Bioenergetics Journal is to publish the most thorough and trustworthy source of information on new findings and emerging trends in the form unique essays, journal articles for review, case studies, succinct messages, etc. in every branch of the industry. It is a scholarly publication that draws from a variety of disciplines to provide a platform for authors to contribute to the journal.

The process of producing organic molecules under the influence of light and serving as an energy source for cells is known as photosynthesis. Primary producers such as terrestrial plants, algae, and oxygenic/anoxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms are responsible for it. The two stages of oxygenic photosynthesis are light-dependent reactions that produce NADPH and ATP molecules as a byproduct and use oxygen as a co-product, and light-independent reactions that use NADPH and ATP as the energy source to transform carbon dioxide into organic molecules. Light-absorbing pigments such as carotenoids, bilins, and chlorophylls are needed for processes that depend on light. All photosynthetic organisms produce chlorophylls and carotenoids, but only cyanobacteria, rhodophytes, glaucophytes, and cryptophytes produce bilins in phycobiliprotein complexes.

The light-independent reaction is energised by the electrons from the light-dependent processes, especially when inorganic materials are transformed into organic compounds like carbohydrates. They don't need the sun's energy or light to start the reaction. Because the process is cyclical, it is also known as the Calvin cycle for light-independent processes.

Chlorophyll and other light-sensitive pigments are found in photosynthetic cells, which are able to absorb sun energy. Such cells may transform solar energy into energy-dense organic molecules like glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide. These cells produce a large portion of the oxygen found in the Earth's atmosphere in addition to powering the global carbon cycle. In essence, nonphotosynthetic cells perform the opposite of photosynthesis by dissolving glucose and releasing carbon dioxide using the byproducts of photosynthesis.

The existence of the great majority of life on Earth depends on photosynthesis. It is how almost all of the energy in the biosphere is made accessible to living beings. All higher life forms on Earth consume photosynthetic organisms directly or indirectly because they are the primary producers that serve as the foundation of the planet's food webs. Additionally, photosynthesis is responsible for producing almost all of the oxygen in the atmosphere. The vast bulk of life would disappear, there would be little food or other organic material on Earth shortly, and the atmosphere would finally be almost oxygen-free. if photosynthesis stopped.

Prokaryotic photosynthetic species: In the cytosol or in the membranes of thylakoids, these organisms' pigment systems or photosystems are found. There are no special organelles called chloroplasts in the prokaryotes.

Eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms (like green plants): These organisms have their pigment systems or photosystems located in the thylakoids of the chloroplast membranes. Eukaryotes have specialized organelles called chloroplasts (chlorophyll-containing plastids) in their cells.